De culíes y huaquiao
Estaba curioseando entre los números atrasados de la revista Istor cuando me encontré con éste, dedicado a las migraciones chinas.
El número contiene un artículo (pdf) muy interesante del profesor Evelyn Hu-DeHart sobre la primera migración masiva de chinos a Hispanoamérica, concretamente al Caribe y Perú, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX.
Esta primera ola migratoria, que se extenderá desde 1849 hasta 1874, estuvo protagonizada por los llamados culíes, término con el que se designaba a aquéllos trabajadores asiáticos (en su gran mayoría chinos de la provincia de Cantón) que eran llevados a Cuba o Perú, previa firma de un contrato de ocho años, para trabajar como braceros en las grandes haciendas en condiciones de absoluta servidumbre y en sustitución de la mano de obra negra.
La vida de estos desdichados era tan dura que muchos de ellos decidieron ponerle fin suministrándose sobredosis de opio, narcótico que era utilizado por los propios hacendados como sistema de control social.
Este sistema de importación de mano de obra finaliza, al menos oficialmente en 1874, cuando esta práctica fue prohibida internacionalmente.
Muy distinta de esta primera emigración fue, en Perú, la que se inicia a partir de la firma del Tratado Porras-Wu Tin Fang, el 28 de agosto de 1909, que pretendía facilitar la llegada a ese país de inmigrantes chinos con cierta educación y capital. En el mismo número de la revista Istor donde publica el profesor Hu-Dehart, se puede encontrar el relato que una de las descendientes de esa segunda emigración (cuyos protagonistas ya no se llaman, en cantonés, culíes sino huaquiao), la profesora Celia Wu, hace de su familia china y de su posterior integración en la sociedad peruana.
La familia china de la señora Wu procedía de una región de la provincia de Cantón conocida como Taishan en la que el fenómeno migratorio, incluso entre las clases más o menos acomodadas, estuvo muy extendido. Algunos de esos emigrantes chinos, enriquecidos en el exterior, al regresar a su país construían, como los llamados indianos en España, lujosas villas (H/T Jeremiah) en las que se entremezclaban elementos de las tradiciones arquitectónicas occidental y china.
Pero lo más característico de estas villas era su estructura defensiva (se construían al modo de un lujoso torreón) para protegerse de la inestabilidad que durante la segunda mitad del XIX y principios del XX se apoderó del campo chino.
Viendo la fotografía de esos, en tiempos, lujosos torreones me he acordado la que fuera casa de mis abuelos en la cuenca del Matarraña, Teruel, en una zona próxima al Maestrazgo, donde, en la primera mitad del siglo XIX, desarrollara su guerra de guerrillas el general carlista Ramón Cabrera, popularmente conocido como el Tigre del Maestrazgo. Digo esto porque en esa casa los huecos estaban construidos como aspilleras y las ventanas protegidas con rejas y contraventanas que sólo podían abrirse por el interior, sin duda por el terror que causaban en mis antepasados las partidas de los guerrilleros carlista. Incluso, hace algunos años, mi primo llegó a encontrar un pequeño tesoro compuesto por unas pocas monedas de oro que alguien decidió poner fuera del alcance de los revoltosos.
Y es que, si uno lo piensa, las historias de China y España durante el siglo XIX y XX no dejan de presentar ciertos elementos de similitud.
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