Shanghai express

November 12, 2009

SECESIÓN (I)

Filed under: Uncategorized

Si uno repasa los comentarios que han suscitado los posts que chinochano ha publicado, a lo largo del 2008 y parte del 2009, sobre las revueltas en el Tibet y Xinjiang, verá que uno de los argumentos más recurrentes de los que defienden la política del Estado chino en esos territorios consiste en afirmar que China no está haciendo allí nada que no sea defender su integridad territorial, lo mismo, añaden quienes formulan este argumento, que lo que hace España cuando reprime el independentismo vasco o catalán.

Este argumento no es que tenga mucho peso como defensa moral de la política china porque, aun cuando fuera cierto (y yo pienso que no lo es) que la política del gobierno español respecto de Cataluña y el País Vasco es idéntica a la que observa el gobierno chino en el Tibet y Xinjiang, este simple hecho no serviría para justificar ninguna de las dos, pues bien pudiera ser que ambas (como no tendría ningún empacho en afirmar cualquier nacionalista radical catalán o vasco) fueran injustificables .

Por eso me parece oportuno repasar en éste y sucesivos posts las distintas teorías filosófico políticas que se han formulado para justificar la secesión, entendida ésta como la pretensión por un colectivo de personas de desgajar un determinado territorio donde ese colectivo es mayoritario de la jurisdicción del Estado del que forma parte.

Mis reflexiones dejarán de lado el análisis de lo que hoy el Derecho Internacional permite en esta materia para centrarse en lo que “debería” permitir si estuviere basado en un orden internacional “justo”. Tampoco me detendré a analiza aquí cuestiones de oportunidad política, esto es, no responderé a las preguntas de si hoy y ahora la independencia del Tibet o del País Vasco son posibles, ni siquiera si posibles serían convenientes, sino únicamente a si tendrían un fundamento moral en el que apoyarse.

Dar respuesta a esta cuestión exige examinar en qué casos, si en alguno, la secesión de un territorio respecto del Estado del que forma parte estaría justificada. El método que seguiré para poder determinar cuáles son esos supuestos comprenderá las siguientes fases: en primer lugar, y de modo muy breve, será necesario fijar los principios en que tendría que basarse un orden internacional legítimo o justo para, a continuación, una vez establecidos aquéllos, determinar en qué supuestos podría estar justificada la secesión. Finalmente, y ésta será, supongo, la parte más polémica, examinaré si los requisitos que, según la teoría que considere más apropiada, justificarían un movimiento secesionista se dan en la actualidad en el Tibet, Xinjiang y, ya en España, en el País Vasco y Cataluña.

Ya adelanto que el resultado de este análisis me permite afirmar, creo que con fundamento, que mientras las pretensiones secesionistas en Cataluña y el País Vasco no están moralmente justificadas, tengo mis dudas de que tan tajante afirmación pueda realizarse en relación con las pretensiones independentistas que puedan tener una parte significativa de los habitantes del Tibet y de Xinjiang.

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  1. Gracias por citarme amigo. Yo querría puntualizar que el debate no sólo está en si Tíbet y Xinjiang deben separarse o no. Es un tema mucho más complejo, al que hay que observar en varias ópticas, no sólo la jurídica.

    Por ejemplo, hay que tener en cuenta que tibetanos y uigures son, probablemente, dos de los pueblos del mundo que, representando menor porcentaje de la población de un país, piden mayor área de ese país. Los uigures son, calculando por lo alto, 10 millones, y los tibetanos 3. Es decir, entre los dos apenas llegan al 1 por ciento de la población china. En cambio, las extensiones que reclaman los independentistas representan más de un tercio de la nación. En tales circunstancias, el problema se antoja complejo de resolver, no es sencillo que El 99 por ciento de una población nacional le de un 33 por ciento de su territorio a unas minorías.

    Por otro lado, en mi blog no se debatió tanto la conveniencia o no de una independencia tibetana o uigur sino el apoyo que le dan a los movimientos independentistas algunos sectores de la comunidad internacional y de la prensa, un apoyo que no se da a los vascos y los catalanes, o al menos no en tan gran medida, por lo que más de uno sospecha que hay quien hace esas cosas con el deseo de desestabilizar la creciente economía china, más que por amor a los pueblos oprimidos.

    Por otro lado, y esto es mi opinión, no creo nada sano que el apoyo haya estallado precisamente después de ataques de las minorías a la mayoría china. Eso no hace sino aumentar los rencores de los chinos hacia los “demonios extranjeros” y puede generar un peligroso estímulo a los movimientos independentistas violentos, que pueden creer que los ataques a emigrantes chinos les dan más publicidad que otros métodos más pacíficos.

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